A 3/1 adjustable-rate mortgage (ARM) offers homebuyers a fixed interest rate for the first three years of their loan, followed by annual rate adjustments for the remaining term. During the initial three-year period, your monthly payments remain consistent, giving you the predictability of a traditional fixed-rate mortgage. After those introductory years, however, the interest rate can adjust once per year based on market indexes—such as Treasury yields or the Secured Overnight Financing Rate—plus a set margin determined by the lender.
Once the three-year fixed period ends, the annual rate adjustments are governed by caps that limit how much your interest rate can increase at each adjustment and over the life of the loan. For example, an initial adjustment cap might restrict your rate from rising more than 2 percentage points at the first change, while a periodic cap might cap future annual adjustments at 1 percentage point. A lifetime cap establishes the maximum interest rate you could ever be charged under this ARM, ensuring that, even if market rates spike dramatically, you’ll never pay beyond a specified ceiling.
There are several scenarios in which a 3/1 ARM may make sense. If you plan to sell or refinance within three to five years, you can take advantage of the lower introductory rate without worrying about long-term volatility. Similarly, if you anticipate a career change or relocation in the near future, the short fixed period allows you to maximize savings in the early years. On the flip side, borrowers should be comfortable with the possibility of higher payments after year three—if market rates rise, so will your monthly mortgage payment. It’s crucial to have a financial cushion or a plan in place to absorb potential increases.
Compared to a 30-year fixed-rate mortgage, a 3/1 ARM typically starts with a lower rate, which can translate to significant upfront savings. However, it carries more uncertainty than a fixed-rate loan, especially if you keep the mortgage beyond the fixed period. If you value long-term stability and predictability, a fixed-rate option might be preferable. But for many buyers who intend to move or refinance before the rate adjusts, a 3/1 ARM can offer an attractive balance of lower initial costs and manageable risk. If you’d like to know more, schedule a consultation with us on our website.